Also known as a disc spring or cupped spring washer, a Belleville washer is a unique washer-style fastener that&#;s characterized by a cupped construction. As shown in the image here, Belleville washers don&#;t lie flat. Rather, they feature a canonical shape in which the inner portion is higher than the lower portion.
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Belleville washers are used just like conventional washers by featuring a center hole through which a fastener, such as a bolt, is placed. But their unique canonical shape makes them particularly effective at handling heavy loads while also offering benefits.
It&#;s unknown who invented the Belleville washer or when they did it. With that said, washers with this same canonical shape have been around for over a century.
It&#;s a common assumption that the Belleville washer was invented by Julien Belleville, but this isn&#;t necessarily true. The Belleville washer is, in fact, named after Julien Belleville, but he didn&#;t necessarily this canonical-shaped washer. Julien Belleville filed a patent for a cupped, spring washer during the s in France. However, canonical-shaped washers had been around for several decades prior to his patent. Regardless of its origins, Belleville washers have since become a popular choice for high-stress applications requiring the use of a washer.
The purpose of a Belleville washer is to absorb loads by acting as a spring. When a load is applied a Belleville washer, the washer compresses. At the same time, the Belleville washer exerts an equal amount of force against the object. This means Belleville washers can handle larger, heavier loads that aren&#;t possible with conventional washers.
Depending on the application, multiple Belleville washers can be used to create greater resistance against heavy loads. Rather than using a single Belleville washer, you can use two or three Belleville washers. The stack of Belleville washers creates multiple springs, each of which acts against the object.
In addition to handling heavy loads, Belleville washers are able to absorb vibrations. Many vehicles, for example, use Belleville washers for this reason. Vibrations can often knock conventional washers loose, but this isn&#;t a problem with Belleville washers because of their canonical shape. Even under constant vibrations, a Belleville washer shouldn&#;t come loose.
Belleville washers are suitable for all applications. But their canonical shape and spring-like characteristics make them ideal for handling heavy loads and absorbing vibrations.
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The Basics
Flat Washers
Spring Rate and Stacking
Understanding Load, Stress, and Fatigue Life
Belleville Spring Specifications
Presetting
A Belleville washer or disc spring is a conical-shaped spring with an open center. It is shaped much like a washer and is typically smaller than a coiled spring. Because Belleville washers can bear a much larger load relative to its deflection rate than a coiled spring, they are ideal for cushioning heavy loads with short motion.
Like all springs, a Belleville disc spring will deflect in response to a load. Belleville washers and disc springs exhibit low deflections relative to high loads. The relationship between the load and deflection is non-linear, particularly as load increases. This quality makes Belleville washers and disc springs well-suited to areas with constant thrust that must stand up to heavy wear.
Belleville washers and disc springs provide the following advantages:
Our engineers can help you determine the washers or springs needed to meet the requirements of your specific application.
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In some instances that must bear a heavy load, the addition of a flat washer increases the effectiveness of a Belleville washer or disc spring by helping to spread the load. In other applications, a flat washer can prevent a Belleville washer or disc spring from biting into softer metals. This is particularly important in preserving the integrity of bus bars, which are typically made from aluminum to withstand conditions of high current loading.
BelleFlex® engineers can help you to determine whether flat washers are needed for your specific application.
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The spring rate of a Belleville washer or disc spring is the amount of force associated with a given deflection measured in lb/in or N/mm. Every spring has its own spring rate, depending on its geometry and material. The formula to determine the load at a specific deflection uses Poisson&#;s ratio, Young&#;s modulus, as well as the outside diameter (De), inside diameter (Di), material thickness (t), and deflection-to-flat (ho).
The load/deflection ratio of a specific outer and inner diameter can be changed by using more than one Belleville washer or disc spring, stacked either in series or in parallel. Stacking Belleville washers and disc springs allows for precise customization of the load and/or deflection.
The exact configuration of Belleville washers or disc springs depends on the requirements and limitations of the application. Our engineers can provide assistance in determining the configuration that best meets your needs.
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It is also important to know the limits of a given Belleville washer or disc spring before it is put into service in an industrial environment. Calculating load and stress is a way to determine the point of failure for a spring, including Belleville washers and disc springs. Simply put, it&#;s a way to determine how much force (load) and how much stretch (stress) the spring can bear before it fails.
Fatigue life refers to the number of cycles a spring can withstand before it fails in a particular application. The fatigue life is based on the dimensions of the spring or spring stack, the preload, the final load, the deflection, and the frequency. The goal of determining the fatigue life is to ensure that your Belleville washer or disc spring solution will be able to withstand the stress to which it will be exposed. In situations in which a single Belleville cannot withstand the level of stress, a well-designed stack of Bellevilles can alter the load and stress performance and increase the fatigue life.
Well-designed springs contribute to increased efficiency and prolonged service life for your equipment. Our engineers are always available to provide assistance with all facets of Belleville washer and disc spring design, including load and stress calculations.
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The term &#;tolerance&#; refers to the amount of deviation from specification that may occur in a disc spring without compromising its performance. For Belleville disc springs, allowable tolerances for diameter, thickness, height, and load are provided in the DIN specification. Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) is an international standards organization, based in Germany that governs specifications of many industrial and technical materials.
BelleFlex® utilizes the following DIN specifications to guide our design and manufacturing process:
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Presetting takes place during the manufacturing process of a Belleville washer or disc spring when it is momentarily flattened. The process reduces the original unloaded height of the spring, as a result of the residual tensile stresses.
Preset Belleville washers and disc springs are typically used to maintain load or tension in bolted assemblies. This process is not always necessary and must be specified at the time the order is placed.
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